纳米氧化锌粒径对人工湿地性能及微生物群落的影响

纳米颗粒(nanoparticles,NPs)具有较小的粒径(1～100 nm),其生物毒性与粒径的大小紧密相关.在进水COD约200. 0 mg·L~(-1),NH_4~+-N约12. 5 mg·L~(-1)和溶解性总磷约4. 0 mg·L~(-1)的条件下连续运行28 d,研究了3种不同粒径的纳米氧化锌(ZnO NPs)对水平潜流人工湿地微生物群落结构和多样性的影响,同时结合湿地脱氮性能的变化,探讨了湿地中微生物群落结构和多样性与其处理性能的相互关系.结果表明,3种粒径(15、50和90 nm)的ZnO NPs(10 mg·L~(-1))对COD的去除无明显差异,而对脱氮则表现出明显的粒径效应.高通量测序发现,人工湿地系统中硝化菌属的丰度明显低于反硝化菌属,硝化过程是制约湿地脱氮性能的关键因素.暴露于不同粒径的ZnO NPs后,微生物群落结构发生不同程度的变化,与较大粒径(50 nm和90 nm)的ZnO NPs相比,15 nm的ZnO NPs对硝化菌属的抑制更为显著.     

Explosion behavior of n-alkane/nitrous oxide mixtures

The explosion properties of alkane/nitrous oxide mixtures were investigated and were compared with those of the corresponding alkane/oxygen and alkane/air mixtures. The explosion properties were characterized by three parameters: the explosion limit, explosion pressure, and deflagration index. For the same alkane, the order of the lower explosion limits (LELs) of the mixtures was found to be alkane/oxygen ≈ alkane/air > alkane/nitrous oxide. In addition, the mixtures containing nitrous oxide tended to exhibit higher explosion pressures than the corresponding mixtures containing oxygen under fuel-lean conditions. The Burgess–Wheeler law was also observed to hold for the mixtures containing nitrous oxide.     

沸石负载羟基氧化铁对铬（VI）吸附的固体浓度效应研究

本文利用沸石负载羟基氧化铁作吸附剂对六价铬进行吸附和解吸附实验。探讨了沸石负载羟基氧化铁对六价铬的吸附机制和固体浓度效应。实验结果表明：当吸附剂的用量从0.05g增加到0.2g时,在实验条件下,六价铬的吸附量从27999.493μg/g降低到8930.610μg/g,吸附剂对Cr6＋的吸附存在明显的固体浓度（Cs）效应。吸附滞后角随着Cs的增加而减小,吸附反应的可逆性增大。将实验数据分别用Languir和Freundlich吸附模型进行拟合,发现Freundlich吸附模型对实验数据拟合效果较好,表明该吸附反应以单分子层吸附为主。     

橡胶材料加速老化研究现状及发展趋势

论述了橡胶材料实验室热空气、臭氧、光老化等几种较为常用的人工加速老化试验研究现状,综述了热、氧、臭氧、光照等因素造成橡胶材料老化的作用机理及影响,总结了关于橡胶材料加速老化研究存在的问题和不足,以及今后研究可能的发展趋势。     

The ex vivo and in vivo biological performances of graphene oxide and the impact of surfactant on graphene oxide's biocompatibility

Graphene oxide(GO)displays promising properties for biomedical applications including drug delivery and cancer therapeutics.However,GO exposure also raises safety concerns such as potential side effects on health.Here,the biological effects of GO suspended in phosphate buffered saline(PBS)with or without 1% nonionic surfactant Tween 80 were investigated.Based on the ex vivo experiments,Tween 80 significantly affected the interaction between GO and peripheral blood from mice.GO suspension in PBS tended to provoke the aggregation of diluted blood cells,which could be prevented by the addition of Tween 80.After intravenous administration,GO suspension with or without 1% Tween 80 was quickly eliminated by the mononuclear phagocyte system.Nevertheless,GO suspension without Tween 80 showed greater accumulation in lungs than that containing 1% Tween 80.In contrast,less GO was found in livers for GO suspension compared to Tween 80 assisted GO suspension.Organs including hearts,livers,lungs,spleens,kidneys,brains,and testes did not reveal histological alterations.The indexes of peripheral blood showed no change upon GO exposure.Our results together demonstrated that Tween 80 could greatly alter GO’s biological performance and determine the pattern of its biodistribution in mice.     

Catalytic evaluation of promoted CeO2-ZrO2 by transition, alkali, and alkaline-earth metal oxides for diesel soot oxidation

Series of mixed metal oxides were synthesized by gel-combustion method and their catalytic activities for soot oxidation were investigated. The catalysts were M-Ce-Zr （M = Mn, Cu, Fe, K, Ba, Sr）, and χK-20Mn-Ce-Zr （χ= 0, 5, 10, 20）, they were characterized by XRD, SEM, TPR and BET surface area techniques. The results of soot temperature programmed oxidation （TPO） in an O2 oxidizing atmosphere indicate that K-Ce-Zr has the highest catalytic activity for soot oxidation under loose contact condition, due to enhancement of the soot and catalyst contacts. On the other hand, under a tight contact condition, Mn-Ce-Zr and Cu-Ce-Zr nano-composites have high activities for soot oxidation and lower the soot TPO peak temperatures by about 280 and 270℃, respectively, as compared to non-catalytic soot oxidation. Furthermore, the addition of up to 10 wt.% potassium oxides into Mn-Ce-Zr increases its catalytic activity and further reduces the soot TPO peak temperature by about 40℃ under loose contact condition.     

Effect of chromium oxide as active site over TiO2-PILC for selective catalytic oxidation of NO

This study introduced TiO2-pillared clays （TiO2-PILC） as a support for the catalytic oxidation of NO and analyzed the performance of chromium oxides as the active site of the oxidation process. Cr-based catalysts were prepared by a wet impregnation method. It was found that the 10 wt.% chromium doping on the support achieved the best catalytic activity. At 350℃, the NO conversion was 61% under conditions of GHSV = 23600 hr^-l. The BET data showed that the support particles had a mesoporous structure. Hz-TPR showed that Cr（10）TiP （10 wt.% Cr doping on TiO2-PILC） clearly exhibited a smooth single peak. EPR and XPS were used to elucidate the oxidation process. During the NO ＋ O2 adsorption, the intensity of evolution of superoxide ions （O2^-） increased. The content of Cr^3＋ on the surface of the used catalyst was 40.37%, but when the used catalyst continued adsorbing NO, the Cr^3＋ increased to 50.28%. Additionally, Oα/Oβ increased markedly through the oxidation process. The NO conversion decreased when SO2 was added into the system, but when the SO2 was removed, the catalytic activity recovered almost up to the initial level. FT-IR spectra did not show a distinct characteristic peak of SO4^2-.     

环境因子对长江口滨岸沉积物反硝化速率影响

利用多年在长江河口滨岸湿地开展相关研究工作获得的反硝化速率和各类环境参数数据,对数据进行归纳整理,采用相关性分析和主成分分析,将沉积物反硝化作用和环境因素间的相关性进行量化,并筛选出影响长江口沉积物反硝化作用的两大重要因素。研究表明沉积物反硝化速率和温度(T)、沉积物有机碳(SOC)、总氮(STN)呈现Pearson正相关关系(p70.01,p70.05,和p70.05),与水中盐度(S)、溶解氧(DO)及沉积物C/N呈明显负相关关系(p70.05,p70.05,和p70.01)。尽管沉积物中的N_2O自然产生速率和环境参数间没有表现出相关性,但沉积物的反硝化速率和N_2O的自然产生速率却和C/N呈明显负相关(p70.01)。主成分分析结果表明温度和盐度是影响长江口潮滩沉积物反硝化速率的两大主导因素,同时也是亚热带季风河口的主要环境参数。     

不同结构有机磷在(氢)氧化铝表面的吸附与解吸特征

研究了4种不同分子结构的有机磷[甘油磷酸(GP)、葡萄糖六磷酸(G6P)、三磷酸腺苷(ATP)和肌-肌醇六磷酸(植酸,IHP)]在无定形Al(OH)3、勃姆石和α-Al2O3等3种(氢)氧化铝表面的吸附解吸特征,并探讨了相关机制.结果表明,单位质量(氢)氧化铝对有机磷最大吸附量顺序为:无定形Al(OH)3>勃姆石>α-Al2O3,这与矿物的结晶度和表面异质性有关.除IHP在无定形Al(OH)3上的吸附外,有机磷在(氢)氧化铝表面的吸附密度随相对分子质量增大而减小:GP>G6P>ATP>IHP.而无定形Al(OH)3对最大分子尺寸的IHP吸附量却远大于其他有机磷,这是由于IHP表面络合物转化成了表面沉淀,大大促进了吸附.吸附动力学表明,有机磷吸附起始经历快速吸附阶段,极短时间内达到一定的吸附量,随后是一个较长时间的慢吸附过程,无定形Al(OH)3对有机磷的起始快速吸附密度最大,不同有机磷在铝氧化物表面的起始快速吸附密度与相对分子质量呈反比.KCl和柠檬酸对有机磷的解吸能力取决于磷化合物和勃姆石的表面亲和力.KCl初始解吸率大小顺序是:G6P(10.53%)>GP(6.91%)>ATP(3.06%)>IHP(0.8%).柠檬酸对有机磷的最大解吸率是KCl的4~5倍.KCl对磷的解吸过程经历了几个小时的快速解吸后达到最大解吸率,随后是慢速的扩散再吸附,解吸率反而逐渐下降.对IHP,除扩散再吸附外,表面沉淀也促进了再吸附.因此,有机磷与(氢)氧化铝界面发生较强的专性吸附反应,其分子结构和尺寸以及矿物的结晶度和晶体结构等是影响有机磷的界面反应和环境行为的重要因素.     

湖南地区不同集约化栽培模式下双季稻稻田CH4和N2O的排放规律

采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法研究了湖南双季稻稻田不施氮(NN)、当地常规(FP)、高产高效(YE)、再高产(HY)、再高效(HE)5种不同栽培模式下温室气体(CH4、N2O)的排放规律.结果表明:水稻生长季CH4累积排放量变化为(206.5±37.5) kg· hm-2(FP,早稻)～(490.5±65.7) kg·hm-2(HE,晚稻),N2O-N累积排放量变化为(0.08±0.05) kg·hm-2(NN,早稻)～(0.326±0.15) kg·hm-2(HY,晚稻).不同栽培模式对CH4和N2O的排放都有显著影响(p＜0.05).HE模式CH4排放显著高于其他模式62％～ 87％(p＜0.05),尤其是晚稻季节;除NN模式外,其他4种模式间N2O排放差异不显著.冬季休闲期也是CH4和N2O排放的重要时期,分别占全年排放量的9.7％～19.7％和42％～ 62％.CH4主导了稻田不同栽培模式下的综合温室效应,在各模式中均占95％以上.施氮肥提高了作物产量,降低了温室气体强度(GHGI).在5种模式中,YE和HY模式温室气体强度较小,HY模式下仅为(0.97±0.16) kg·kg-1(以每kg产量排放的CO2当量计).因此,与FP模式相比,YE和HY模式既能提高产量和氮肥利用率,也能减缓温室效应;但HE模式排放的温室气体较高,在实际应用前尚需进一步研究.